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Five compounds that complete the picture of the catalog, in the same quick-reference format.
16
Survodutide
Metabolic · dual GLP-1/glucagon- Class: dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors (BI 456906).
- Mechanism: the GLP-1 arm provides satiety and glycemic control; the glucagon arm, energy expenditure and hepatic fat mobilization.
- Context: studied in obesity and in metabolic liver disease (MASH). In clinical development; not approved.
17
MOTS-c
Mitochondrial · metabolic- Class: mitochondria-derived peptide, encoded in the 12S rRNA.
- Mechanism: interferes with the folate cycle, accumulates AICAR and activates AMPK; under stress it translocates to the nucleus.
- Context: its endogenous levels fall with age and rise with exercise. Consistent preclinical evidence; no published controlled clinical trials.
18
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Mitochondrial · cardiolipin- Class: aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide targeted to the mitochondria (Szeto-Schiller).
- Mechanism: it accumulates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds to cardiolipin, stabilizing the cristae and the respiratory chain.
- Context: trials in mitochondrial myopathies, Barth syndrome and heart failure, with mixed results; it is the compound in its family with the most advanced clinical development.
19
KPV
Anti-inflammatory · α-MSH- Class: C-terminal tripeptide of α-MSH (Lys-Pro-Val).
- Mechanism: attenuation of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines; it lacks the pigmentary effect of full α-MSH.
- Context: preclinical literature on intestinal and skin inflammation; the differentiating component of KLOW.
20
NAD+
Coenzyme · cellular energy- Class: dinucleotide (not a peptide); central redox coenzyme.
- Mechanism: electron carrier in energy metabolism and substrate of sirtuins and PARP (DNA repair).
- Context: its levels decline with age. It is studied through direct administration and through precursors (NR, NMN); the subcutaneous route requires titration because of local irritation.
Catalogue compounds mentioned in this lesson
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